Laryngite Aiguë

Le référentiel médical TREKK est une collection des meilleures ressources et évidences sur divers sujets. La collection est constituée par une équipe de synthèse des connaissances à l’Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) et par une équipe de spécialistes qui contribuent au contenu médical TREKK.

L’équipe de synthèse utilise un cadre hiérarchique des données probantes en forme de pyramide « 4S » (voir le modèle “4S” Hierarchy of evidence), pour répondre aux besoins des parties prenantes. Pour ce faire, l’équipe effectue à priori une recherche de la littérature à partir des bases de données scientifiques (Cochrane Library, PubMed, TRIP Database) et des moteurs de recherche internet (Google, Google Scholar). Les résultats sont organisés en 5 volets de présentation :

1. Recommandations de base
2. Lignes directrices sur la pratique clinique et algorithmes
3. Survols et résumés des revues systématiques
4. Revues systématiques
5. Études clés

Ressources pour parents et familles, si applicable

En collaboration avec l’équipe de synthèse des connaissances, les spécialistes qui contribuent au contenu TREKK sélectionnent les items pertinents, présentés ci-dessous. Le référentiel médical TREKK n’est pas conçu comme liste exhaustive du sujet, mais plutôt comme liste sélectionnée par un consensus d’experts : c’est une liste de ressources fondées sur des données probantes à date, pertinentes, et utilisables au Service général des urgences médicales. Les ressources à libre accès sont privilégiées (c’est-à-dire, disponibles à tous, gratuites, et sans abonnement nécessaire).

Pour en savoir plus sur l’élaboration de nos référentiels, cliquez ici.

Un grand merci aux spécialistes cliniques et à l’Équipe de synthèse des connaissances qui ont dirigé le développement de ce référentiel médical.

David Johnson, MD Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine

Jennifer Turnbull, MD FRCPC Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, McGill University Co-Director, McGill Global Child Health Program Montreal Children’s Hospital

Samantha Guitard, MSc Evidence Synthesis Scientist, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

Sarah Elliott, PhD Assistant Director, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

Cliquez ici pour voir les ressources TREKK élaborées pour professionnels de la santé, parents, et familles.

Les références en gras correspondent à celles utilisées dans les Recommandations de Base.

1. Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago. Croup Algorithm. 2025.
2. Children’s Hospital Colorado. Croup Clinical Pathways. 2025.
3. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis). Updated 2024.
4. Ashford & St Peter’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Management of Croup. NHS Foundation Trust. 2024.
5. UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals. Consensus Guidelines for Management of Croup. 2023.
6. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Croup Clinical Pathway – Emergency Department and Inpatient. Updated 2023.
7. Children’s Minnesota. Croup Guideline (Age 3 months–8 years). 2023.
8. Nationwide Children’s Hospital. Croup Clinical Pathway. Updated 2023.
9. Children’s Health Queensland. Croup – Emergency management in children. Updated 2023.
10. Bjornson C, Johnson D. BMJ Best Practice: Croup. BMJ Best Practice. Updated 2023.
11. Ortiz-Alvarez O. Acute management of croup in the emergency department. Paediatr Child Health. 2017;22(3):166-73.
12. Alberta Medical Association. Diagnosis and Management of Croup, Summary of the Alberta Clinical Practice Guideline. 2015.

1. Kadam SJ, Daley SF, Carr B. Croup. StatPearls. Updated 2025.
2. Hou Y, Shi Q, Zhang X, et al. Clinical advances in racemic epinephrine for pediatric croup: a mini‑review of evidence and practice. Front Pediatr. 2025;13:1616521.
3. Shlomovich M, Hyatt S, Cassel-Choudhury G. Croup and Epiglottitis. Pediatr Rev. 2025; 46(7):366-372.
4. Hibberd O, Chylinska AA, Finn K, et al. Use of corticosteroids for croup in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2024;109(6):306-311.
5. Bjornson CL, Johnson DW. Croup in children. CMAJ. 2013;185(15):1317-23.
6. Bjornson C, Russell, K, Vandermeer, B, et al. Cochrane Summary: Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD006619.
7. Bjornson C, Russell, K, Foisy, M, et al. Cochrane Overview: The Cochrane Library and the treatment of croup in children: an overview of reviews. Evid Based Child Health. 2010;(5):1555-1565.

1. Garzon Mora N, Jaramillo AP, Briones Andriuoli R, et al. An Overview of the Effectiveness of Corticoids in Croup: A Systematic Literature Review. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46317.
2. Aregbesola A, Tam CM, Kothari A, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1(1):CD001955.
3. Moraa I, Sturman N, McGuire TM, et al. Heliox for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;8(8)):CD006822.
4. Gates A, Gates M, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD001955.
5. Bjornson C, Russell K, Vandermeer B, et al. Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD006619.
6. Moore M, Little P. Humidified air inhalation for treating croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;19(3):CD002870.

1. Novi B, Kahne K, Psihos C, et al. Delivery of L‑Epinephrine by Metered‑Dose Inhaler Compared to Racemic Epinephrine by Nebulizer for the Treatment of Croup. J Emerg Med. 2025;79:198-205.
2. D’Arienzo D, Nasser M, Gill PJ, et al. Dexamethasone regime and clinical outcomes in children hospitalized with croup: A cohort study. J Hosp Med. 2025;20(5):454-462.
3. Akcan Yildiz L, Akca H, Kurt F, et al. Improving croup management at a pediatric emergency department. Postgrad Med. 2024;136(4):438-445.
4. Siebert JN, Salomon C, Taddeo I, et al. Outdoor Cold Air Versus Room Temperature Exposure for Croup Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2023;152(3):e2023061365.
5. Asif A, Tayyab A, Qazi S, et al. Comparison between single-dose oral prednisolone and oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: a randomized-controlled trial. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(5):1379-1384.
6. Walsh PS, Lipshaw MJ. Diurnal Variation in Frequency and Severity of Croup in the Emergency Department. Hosp Pediatr. 2022:e2022006682.
7. Pierantoni L, Stera G, Andreozzi L, et al. Multicentre study revealed significant gaps between evidence-based recommendations for using corticosteroids for croup and clinical practice. Acta Paediatr. 2022;111(10):2010-2016.
8. Park S, You J, Lee J, et al. Two Case Reports of Life-Threatening Croup Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant in Pediatric Patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(24):e192.
9. Meckler GD, Alqurashi W, Eltorki M, et al. Epinephrine metered-dose inhaler for pediatric croup. Acad Emerg Med. 2022;30(2):144-146.
10. Hester G, Nickel AJ, Watson D, et al. Use of a Clinical Guideline and Order set to Reduce Hospital Admissions for Croup. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3):e2021053507.
11. Brewster RC, Parsons C, Laird-Gion J, et al. COVID-19-Associated Croup in Children. Pediatrics. 2022;149(6):e2022056492.
12. Pound CM, Knight BD, Webster R, et al. Predictors of Hospitalization for Children with Croup, a Population-Based Cohort Study. Hosp Pediatr. 2020;10(12):1068-1077.
13. Bagwell T, Hollingsworth A, Thompson T, et al. Management of Croup in the Emergency Department: The Role of Multidose Nebulized Epinephrine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020;36(7):e387- e392.
14. Eghbali A, Sabbagh A, Bagheri B, et al. Efficacy of nebulized L-epinephrine for treatment of croup: a randomized, double-blind study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2016;30(1):70-75.
15. Kawaguchi A, Joffe A. Evidence for Clinicians: Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(1):19-20.
16. Garbutt JM, Conlon B, Sterkel R, et al. The comparative effectiveness of prednisolone and dexamethasone for children with croup: a community-based randomized trial. Clin Pediatr. 2013;52(11):1014-21.
17. Dobrovoljac M, Geelhoed GC. How fast does oral dexamethasone work in mild to moderately severe croup? A randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Emerg Med Australas. 2012;24(1):79-85.
18. Rosychuk RJ, Klassen TP, Voaklander DC, et al. Seasonality patterns in croup presentations to emergency departments in Alberta, Canada: a time series analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(4):256-60.
19. Rosychuk RJ, Klassen TP, Metes D, et al. Croup presentations to emergency departments in Alberta, Canada: a large population-based study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45(1):83-91.
20. Eboriadou M, Chryssanthopoulou D, Stamoulis P, et al. The effectiveness of local corticosteroids therapy in the management of mild to moderate viral croup. Minerva Pediatr. 2010;62(1):23-8.
21. Chub-Uppakarn S, Sangsupawanich P. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(3):473-7.
22. Scolnik D, Coates AL, Stephens D, et al. Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(11):1274-80.
23. Bjornson CL, Klassen TP, Williamson J, et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):1306-13.
24. Rittichier KK, Ledwith CA. Outpatient treatment of moderate croup with dexamethasone: intramuscular versus oral dosing. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):1344-8.
25. Klassen TP, Craig WR, Moher D, et al. Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279(20):1629-32.
26. Johnson DW, Jacobson S, Edney PC, et al. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, intramuscular dexamethasone, and placebo for moderately severe croup. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):498-503.
27. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald WB. Oral and inhaled steroids in croup: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20(6):355-61.
28. Tibballs J, Shann FA, Landau LI. Placebo-controlled trial of prednisolone in children intubated for croup. Lancet. 1992;340(8822):745-8.

Covid-19 Specific Studies

1. Pourjoula F, Khalessi N, Ghanbari N. Children with croup during the Omicron surge exhibited increased severity and resource use compared with non‑COVID croup. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25(1):194.
2. Lam MCY, Lam DSY. The Omicron variant of COVID‑19 and its association with croup in children: a single‑centre study in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2024;30(1):44‑55.
3. Tyler A, Bakel LA, Tucker J, et al. Health Services Use for SARS-CoV-2–Infected Children With Croup or Bronchiolitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2024;14(10):e432-e438.
4. Scribner C, Patel KI, Tunik M. Pediatric Croup Due to Omicron Infection Is More Severe Than Non- COVID Croup. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2023;39(9):651-653.
5. Mendez DR, Rumph G, Richardson J, et al. Outcomes of croup in children: COVID‑19 versus non‑COVID‑19 cases. JACEP Open. 2023;4(5):e13053.
6. Lee EP, Mu CT, Yen CW, et al. Predictors of disease severity and outcomes in pediatric patients with croup and COVID-19 in the pediatric emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;72:20-26.
7. Huang Y, Su S, Xu Z, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Omicron‑Associated Croup in Children. Ear Nose Throat J. 2023:1455613231211311.
8. Lai TC, Walker PJB, Schrader S, et al. COVID‑19–associated croup severity in Australian children. Arch Dis Child. 2023;108(8):e14.
9. Hayes J, Levine M, Frazier SB, et al. Croup associated with COVID-19: A case series. JEM Rep. 2023;2(1):100011.