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A NICE pathway brings together all NICE guidance, quality standards and materials to support implementation on a specific topic area. The pathways are interactive and designed to be used online.

Bottom line recommendations for severe head injury. Uploaded to the website on November 15, 2022. 

This point of care algorithm is to guide initial management of pediatric sepsis in the Emergency Department. This algorithm is intended for use on patients greater than 28 days of age. Published online: April 2019, v 2.2.

This order set is for management of severe sepsis in the ED and is adaptable to your hospitals form policy. This document is intended for use on patients greater than 28 days of age. Published online: Feb 2020, v 1.2.

This pocket card outlines pediatric heart rate and pediatric respiratory rate guidelines and was reviewed in October 2018. Posted online April 2019, version 2.0.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of severe head injury - French. Version 3.0 published online November 15, 2022.

Evidence suggests that ibuprofen provides better single-agent relief than acetaminophen or codeine, and is at least equivalent to both acetaminophen with codeine and morphine for acute injury pain, with fewer adverse events.

Children frequently present with head injuries to acute care settings. Led by PREDICT (Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative), a multidisciplinary working group developed the first Australian and New Zealand guideline for mild to moderate head injuries in children. Addressing 33 key clinical questions, it contains 71 recommendations, and an imaging/observation algorithm. The Guideline provides evidence-based, locally applicable, practical clinical guidance for the care of children with mild to moderate head injuries presenting to acute care settings.

The purpose of this statement is to describe issues related to head trauma in infants, children and youth, including clinical manifestations, initial management priorities, guidelines for imaging, and subsequent observation and treatment.

The Multidisciplinary Guidelines on the Identification, Investigation and Management of Suspected Abusive Head Trauma have been prepared in order to provide community organizations with assistance in developing local protocols for managing cases of Abusive Head Trauma. The guidelines are intended to be generic enough that large or small communities can use them to help develop a resoinse appropriate to their specific circumstances.

This guideline covers the assessment and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults. It promotes effective clinical assessment so that people receive the right care for the severity of their head injury, including referral directly to specialist care if needed.

We aim to formulate evidence-based recommendations to assist physicians decision-making in the assessment and management of children younger than 16 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) following a blunt head trauma with no suspicion of non-accidental injury.

To produce a treatment algorithm for the ICU management of infants, children, and adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury.

The aim of the work was to update the "Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury" published in 2012, to reflect the new available evidence, and develop the Italian national guideline for the management of severe pediatric head injuries to reduce variation in practice and ensure optimal care to patients.

Evidence-based information, in conjunction with the clinical expertise of physicians, was used to develop the criteria to improve patient care and obtain the best outcomes while considering the subtleties and distinctions necessary in making clinical decisions for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with vascular injury.

Based on a previous systematic review of the literature, this guideline includes 19 sets of recommendations on diagnosis, prognosis, and management/treatment of pediatric mTBI. Each recommendation was assigned a level of obligation (ie, must, should, or may) based on confidence in the evidence.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, in children is a rapidly growing public health concern because epidemiologic data indicate a marked increase in the number of emergency department visits for mTBI over the past decade. However, no evidence-based clinical guidelines have been developed to date for diagnosing and managing pediatric mTBI in the United States.

Objective: For this updated Cochrane review, we searched the medical literature databases to January 2012. We included 43 randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 25 were RCTs of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) with 17 in adults (1958 participants) and eight in newborn infants (3831 participants) including a large polyclonal IVIG trial on infants with sepsis that was published in 2011. The remaining 18 trials (a total of 13,413 participants) were of monoclonal antibodies. Published: 2013.

Objective: In this updated Cochrane review we searched the databases until June 2012. We included six randomized clinical trials which involved 6781 people (6307 adult and 474 paediatric participants) with either a high or low risk of death. All trials had high risk of bias and were sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry (Eli Lilly). moreover, there is an increased risk of bleeding associated with its use. Published: 2012.

This review shows that strategies regarding non-operative versus operative treatment of severe blunt pancreatic trauma in children are not based on randomised clinical trials.

To estimate the effect of mild hypothermia for traumaticheadinjury on mortality and long-term functional outcome complications.

We explore the clinical and research unmet needs focusing on severe pediatric TBI to identify best practices in pathways of care and optimize both inpatient and outpatient management of children following TBI.

Provides new and updated recommendations applicable to the emergency department management of children with severe traumatic brain injury. Practice-changing takeaways include specific recommendations for administration of 3% hypertonic saline, administration of seizure prophylaxis, and avoiding hyperventilation.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to assess the effects of interventions for head lice.

Aim: To report the retinal signs that distinguish abusive head trauma (AHT) from non-abusive head trauma (nAHT).

Objective: To systematically review the literature to determine which clinical and radiographic characteristics are associated with abusive head trauma (AHT) and nonabusive head trauma (nAHT) in children.

Objective: To identify the evidence base behind the neuroradiological features that differentiate abusive head trauma (AHT) from non-abusive head trauma (nAHT).

To determine whether bicycle helmets reducehead, brain and facial injury for bicyclists of all ages involved in a bicycle crash or fall.

Objective: To review the evidence regarding the utility of obtaining head CT prior to lumbar puncture in adults with suspected bacterial meningitis.

There is still a considerable amount of confusion when it comes to managing concussions. An excessive number of head computed tomographic scans are being obtained for concussions, resulting in unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. Clinicians should be aware of the most recent guidelines for the management of concussion, including the need for imaging, and should be able to differentiate mild from moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.

Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important and integrated part of the treatment algorithm for children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Guidelines often recommend ICP monitoring with a treatment threshold of 20 mmHg. This focused review discusses; (1) different ICP technologies and how ICP should be monitored in pediatric patients with severe TBI, (2) existing evidence behind guideline recommendations, and (3) how we could move forward to increase knowledge about normal ICP in children to support treatment decisions.

Objectives: To determine the equivalence in effectiveness and safety of oral antibiotic compared to parenteral antibiotic therapies in the treatment of severe pneumonia in children between three months and five years of age.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of a short course of antibiotics (less than seven days) in comparison to a long course of antibiotics (seven days or greater) for the treatment of AOM in children.

Objectives: To determine if the addition of intravenous aminophylline produces a beneficial effect in children with acute severe asthma receiving conventional therapy.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the benefits and harms of APC for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of artemisinin drugs for severe and complicated falciparum malaria in adults and children.

OBJECTIVES: To compare intramuscular arteether with other antimalarial drugs to treat severe malaria.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical outcomes and adverse events of a high first (loading) dose regimen of quinine compared with a uniform (no loading) dose regimen in people with severe malaria.

OBJECTIVES: To compare artesunate with quinine for treating severe malaria.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the mode of administration of antibiotic therapy for severe UTI has an effect on cure rate, reinfection rate and kidney scarring.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of corticosteroids on death at one month in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of intranasal corticosteroids for improving nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy.

Objectives: To estimate the effects of IVIG as adjunctive therapy in patients with bacterial sepsis or septic shock on mortality, bacteriological failure rates, and duration of stay in hospital. Published: 2013.

Background: Sepsis is a common and frequently fatal condition. Human recombinant activated protein C (APC) has been introduced to reduce the high risk of death associated with severe sepsis or septic shock. This systematic review is an update of a Cochrane review originally published in 2007.Objectives: We assessed the benefits and harms of APC for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Published: 2012.

Objective: Aggressive approaches to acute diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, trauma, and stroke have improved outcomes. Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock represents a similar approach. An analysis of the literature assessing external validity and generalizability of this intervention is lacking. Published: 2008.

Objective: To develop a more comprehensive description of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a novel syndrome linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, by conducting a systematic analysis of studies from different settings that used various inclusion criteria.

In this review, we address a few key issues and the challenges faced in the management of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children, highlighting the existing standard of care, supported by evidence and bench studies.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the benefits and harms of aerosolized prostacyclin in critically ill patients with ALI and ARDS.

OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical and physiological effects of high frequency oscillation (HFO) in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared to conventional ventilation.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the benefits and harms of INO in critically ill patients with AHRF.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effects of antifibrinolytic drugs on mortality, vascular occlusive events, surgical intervention and receipt of blood transfusion after acute traumatic injury.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the safety and effectiveness of beta-2 receptor antagonists for TBI.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of secondary decompressive craniectomy (DC) on outcome and quality of life in patients with severe TBI in whom conventional medical therapeutic measures have failed to control raised ICP.

OBJECTIVES: To assess systematically the efficacy of excitatory amino acid inhibitors on improving patient outcome following traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of hyperventilation on death and neurological disability following head injury.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Baclofen, Dantrolene, Tizanidine and any other drugs for the treatment of long term spasticity in SCI patients as well as the effectiveness and safety of different routes of administration of Baclofen.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of progesterone in people with acute TBI.

OBJECTIVES: To review randomized trials of steroids for human acute spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect on time to healing of primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury. To explore the adverse effects of primary closure compared with delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury.

To assess the effects of haemostatic drugs on mortality, disability and thrombotic complications inpatientswith traumatic brain injury.

To quantify the effectiveness and safety of corticosteroids in the treatment ofacutetraumatic brain injury.

Aim: To investigate the optimal neuroradiological investigation strategy to identify inflicted brain injury (iBI).

Aim: A systematic review of the scientific literature to define clinical indicators distinguishing inflicted (iBI) from non-inflicted brain injury (niBI).

Review to assess the effect of antifibrinolytic drugs in patients with acute traumatic injury.

We present an overview of PBI, its presenting features, epidemiology, and causes as well as an analysis of case series and the conclusions that may be drawn from those and other studies.

Our goal was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of ketamine in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its effects on intracranial pressure (ICP).

To inform the creation of a pediatric TBI management guideline for a low and middle income country context, we assessed the quality of available clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the acute management pediatric TBI.

Objective: To systematically appraise the literature on the prevalence, types, and predictors of sleep-wake disturbances (SWD), and on the relationship between SWD, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the pediatric mTBI literature to serve as the foundation for an evidence-based guideline with clinical recommendations associated with the diagnosis and management of pediatric mTBI.

This review aimed to explore systematically previous literature on the association between TBI before the age of 19 and severe behavioral problems such as violence, aggression and assault.

Objectives: Sleep is vital for brain development and healing after injury, placing children with sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) at risk for worse outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to quantify SWD after pediatric TBI including prevalence, phenotypes, and risk factors. We also evaluated interventions for SWD and the association between SWD and other posttraumatic outcomes.

To assess the effects of pharmacological interventions or physical interventions given with the intention of reducing body temperature to 35 C to 37.5 C in adults and children admitted to hospital after TBI.

We discuss the initial management of traumatic brain injury based on mild, moderate and severe presentations. Management strategies to address Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral perfusion pressure, the use of oxygenation and ventilation strategies, temperature, correction of metabolic abnormalities and seizure care are discussed.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia after paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest.

Objective: To determine the criterion validity of three rules for predicting clinically important ankle fractures in children.

Clinical decision rules have reduced use of computed tomography (CT) to evaluate minor pediatric head injury in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). CT use remains high in community EDs, where the majority of children seek medical care. We sought to reduce the rate of CT scans used to evaluate pediatric head injury from 29% to 20% in a community ED.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical decision rules and physician judgment for identifying clinically important traumatic brain injuries in children with minor head injuries presenting to the emergency department.

There is controversy about which children with minorheadinjury need to undergo computed tomography (CT). We aimed to develop a highly sensitive clinical decision rule for the use of CT in children with minorheadinjury.

Objective: Existing clinical decision rules guide management for head-injured children presenting 24 hours or sooner after injury, even though some may present greater than 24 hours afterward. We seek to determine the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries for patients presenting to emergency departments greater than 24 hours after injury and identify symptoms and signs to guide management.

To evaluate the effect of cognitive and physical rest on persistent postconcussive symptoms in a pediatric population.

Objective: Computed tomography (CT) for minor head injury exposes a large number of children to ionizing radiation, with an associated increased lifetime risk of malignancy. To study imaging practices for children with minor head injury and the level of awareness of radiologists of the current clinical decision rules for minor traumatic brain injury (TBI).

The purpose of this study was to determine if implementation of a Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)-based Closed Head Injury Assessment Tool could safely decrease computed tomography (CT) use for pediatric head injury evaluation at a nonpediatric community emergency department (ED).

The effect of the 2003 severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) guidelines on outcomes has not been examined. We aimed to develop a set ofacutecare guideline-influenced clinical indicators of adherence and tested the relationship between these indicators during the first 72 hours after hospital admission and discharge outcomes.

On the basis of mixed results from previous trials, we assessed whether therapeutic hypothermia for 48-72 h with slow rewarming improved mortality in children after brain injury.

To describe the differences in goals for their usual practice for various medical therapies from a number of international centers for children with severe traumatic brain injury.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence, monitoring, and treatment of hypotension and hypoxia during "early" (prehospital and emergency department) care and to evaluate their relationship to vital status and neurologic outcomes at hospital discharge.

Themanagementstrategies and outcomes in pediatricpatientswith elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are examined in this study.

Our objectives were to examine the treatment process of acute pediatric TBI and the impact of non-value-added time (NVAT) on patient outcomes.

This study describes the distribution of GCS scores in the population, the relationship between injury characteristics with the GCS score, and the association between the tripartite stratification of the GCS on mortality in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

To identify injury patterns and characteristics associated with severe traumatic brain injury course and outcome, within a well-characterized cohort, which may help guide new research and treatment initiatives.

As far as we know, there are no tested in-hospital care programmes for paediatric traumatic brain injury. We aimed to assess implementation and effectiveness of the Pediatric Guideline Adherence and Outcomes (PEGASUS) programme in children with severe traumatic brain injury.

Acute medical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be challenging outside of the resuscitation bay, specifically while obtaining a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain. We sought out to determine the management practices of Canadian traumatologists for pediatric patients with severe TBI requiring CT in the emergency department.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the established BIG (BIG-1 category) for managing pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) without NC (no-NC).

To reduce missed cases of pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT), Pediatric Brain Injury Research Network investigators derived a 4-variable AHT clinical prediction rule (CPR) with sensitivity of .96. Our objective was to validate the screening performance of this AHT CPR in a new, equivalent patient population.

Objectives: 1) To identify clinical features indicating a high risk of skull fracture (SF) and associated intracranial injury (ICI) in asymptomatichead-injured infants. 2) To develop a clinical decision rule to determine which asymptomatichead-injured infants requireheadimaging.

Infants with minor abusive injuries are at risk for more serious abusive injury, including abusive head trauma (AHT). Our study objective was to determine if children with AHT had prior opportunities to detect abuse and to describe the opportunities.

This article describes the evidence base behind the associated historical, clinical and neuroradiological features of abusive head trauma and spinal injury in physical abuse and sets out an algorithm of essential investigations that should be performed in any infant or young child where abusive head trauma is suspected.

Objectives: To determine how frequently AHT was previously missed by physicians in a group of abused children with head injuries and to determine factors associated with the unrecognized diagnosis.

CT imaging ofhead-injured children has risks of radiation-induced malignancy. Our aim was to identify children at very low risk of clinically-important traumatic brain injuries (ciTBI) for whom CT might be unnecessary.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association of non-routine events (NREs) during the initial resuscitation phase with these physiological disturbances.

Pediatric head trauma management varies between emergency departments globally. Here we aim to compare the pediatric minor head trauma management between a US and Italian hospital.

Objective: To study how budesonide compares with dexamethasone, the conventional therapy for croup, and whether either reduces the rate of hospitalization.

Objective: To assess whether corticosteroids, used as adjunctive therapy for pediatric severe sepsis, is associated with improved outcomes. Published: 2011.

Objective: To audit current UK practice of the management of severe sepsis in children against the 2002 American College of Critical Care Medicine/Pediatric Advanced Life Support (ACCM-PALS) guideline. Published: 2009.

Background: Goal-directed therapy has been used for severe sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit. This approach involves adjustments of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to balance oxygen delivery with oxygen demand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of early goal-directed therapy before admission to the intensive care unit. Published: 2001.

To determine whether early coagulopathy affects the mortality associated with severe civilian pediatrictrauma,traumapatientsyounger than 18 years admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit from 2001 to 2010 were evaluated.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a high-dose oral protocol using polyethylene glycol with electrolytes (PEG + E) (Movicol Rx) combined with sodium picosulphate (SP) (Dulcolax SP Rx) in faecal impaction in children presenting to a suburban clinic.

The aim of this quality improvement project was to increase TBI guideline adherence by implementing a standard care pathway for PICU management of children with severe TBI.

The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein in detecting severe bacterial infections in well-appearing neonates with early onset fever without source and in relation to fever duration.

Objective: For children with croup controversy remains over dosage and time to onset of action of oral steroids. The Cochrane Collaboration and other reviews have suggested 0.6 mg/kg dexamethasone be used (despite some evidence that 0.15 mg/kg is effective) with no expectation of benefit before 4-6 h. This randomized double-blinded clinical trial examines whether 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone works by 30 min. Published: 2012.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg single dose compared with the recommended dose of 0.6 mg/kg for treatment of hospitalized children with moderate to severe croup.

Objective: To describe the clinical features of severe pediatric patients with COVID-19.

Objective: To describe testing for SARS-CoV-2 and the epidemiology of infected patients.

Objective: To characterize the demographic and clinical features of pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) syndromes and identify admission variables predictive of disease severity.

Objectives: To assess the outcomes of pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

The purpose of our study was to describe the patterns of orthopaedic injury for child abuse cases detected in the large urban area that our institution serves, and to compare the injury profiles of these victims of child abuse to that of general (accidental) trauma patients seen in the emergency room and/or hospitalized during the same time period.

This study aims to use nationally-representative emergency department data to characterize injury-related ED visits among youth with autism spectrum disorder.

This study examined the difference in the frequency and type of injury for children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder compared with typically developing peers.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a clinica decision rule to decide whether radiography in children with wrist trauma is required.

To identify potentially modifiable individual and social-environmental correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among adolescents hospitalized for traumatic brain injury (TBI).

The purpose of this study was to determine if pediatric patients evaluated in the emergency department (ED) for concussion with a negative head CT scan require routine hospital admission.

To investigate the association of time since injury with initiation of clinical care on recovery time following concussion.

We evaluated the association between timing of presentation and postconcussive symptoms (PCS) at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive imaging tool which lacks the burden of ionizing radiation. It is not established as primary diagnostic tool in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MRI as initial imaging modality in the emergency management of mild pediatric TBI.

To determine self-reported physical activity (PA) levels and relationships with fatigue and sleep quality in adolescents and young adults after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Given the lack of evidence regarding effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the resultant lack of treatment recommendations reflected in consensus guidelines, variation in the management of pediatric mTBI is to be expected. We therefore surveyed practitioners across 15 centers in the United States and Canada who care for children with pediatric mTBI to evaluate common-practice variation in the management of pediatric mTBI.

To examine predictors of prolonged symptom duration from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in a pediatric sports medicine specialty clinic cohort as these predictors may be distinct in this population.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the use of the Rotterdam scale on pediatric trauma patients in our country and assess its relationship with lesion type, location and severity, trauma type, and need for surgery.

Current childhood injury prevention guidance is anchored by a child's age. For example, children are considered at high risk for falls at ages 4 years and less, and guidance for prevention focuses on these ages. However, these guidelines may not be adequate for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Analyses suggest that unintentional home injury prevention for children with ASD may require prevention guidance extended through older ages.

Acute kidney injury in the critically ill pediatric population is associated with worse outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated clinical variables, and outcomes of acute kidney injury in children admitted to the PICU with diabetic ketoacidosis.

To assess whether pediatrictraumapatientsinitially evaluated at referring institutions met Massachusetts statewidetraumafield triage criteria for stabilization and immediate transfer to a PediatricTraumaCenter (PTC) without pre-transfer CT imaging.

This article reviews the current literature in regards to using ketamine inpatientswith traumatic brain injuries in different clinical settings associated with anesthesia, as well as reviews the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ketamine.

Our objective was to determine if bedside ED ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for identifying skull fractures when compared toheadCT.

To test the reliability and validity of the Pediatric Intensity Level of Therapy (PILOT) scale, a novel measure of overall therapeutic effort directed at controlling intracranial pressure (ICP) in the setting of severe (Glasgow Coma Scale of

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and impact of arrival coagulopathy, determined by viscoelastic hemostatic testing, in severely injured children.

Utilization of ICP monitors for pediatric patients is low and varies between centers. We hypothesized that in more severely injured patients (GCS 3-4), there would be a decreased mortality associated with invasive monitoring devices.

Management of the pediatric trauma patient is challenging regardless of where you work. In this EM Cases episode, two leading pediatric trauma experts, Dr. Sue Beno from Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and Dr. Faud Alnaji from Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa answer such questions as: what are the most important physiologic and anatomic differences between children and adults that are key to managing the trauma patient? How much fluid should be given prior to blood products? What is the role of POCUS in abdominal trauma? Which patients require abdominal CT?