Search

This clinical pathway contains diagnosis and treatment information for persons under 16 with suspected urinary tract infection.

Bottom Line Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. Version 1.1

Bottom Line Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections - French. Version 1.1.

For a list of references that informed this Bottom Line Recommendation, see the Evidence Repository: Urinary Tract Infection (2022). 

This summary presents key diagnostic risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. The summary also covers diagnostic investigations and treatment algorithms for uncomplicated and complicated UTIs.

Peripheral Neurovascular Checklist.

This statement is based on the Novel Coronavirus Infection Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Standards (the fourth edition) (National Health Committee) and other previous diagnosis and treatment strategies for pediatric virus infections. The present consensus statement summarizes current strategies on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019-nCoV infection in children.

Objective: This CPM provides best-practice recommendations for diagnosis and management of acute otitis media (AOM), including guidance for appropriate use of antibiotics.

Objective: To review the evidence for the effectiveness of antibiotics in the initial treatment of open fractures of the limbs.

Objective: To assess the effects of systemic corticosteroids (oral or parenteral), with or without antibiotics, for AOM in children.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing the occurrence of acute otitis media in infants and children.

Objective: Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or NSAIDs, alone or combined, compared with placebo or no treatment in relieving pain in children with AOM. Our secondary objective was to assess the effectiveness of NSAIDs compared with paracetamol in children with AOM.

This study aimed to analyze a large group of febrile neonates 28 days or younger who received outpatient sepsis evaluation and nasopharyngeal aspirate antigen testing (NPAT) for respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection to determine whether there is a clinically significant association between viral study results and risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI: bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, bacterial enteritis).

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of palivizumab prophylaxis compared with placebo, or another type of prophylaxis, in reducing the risk of complications (hospitalisation due to RSV infection) in high-risk infants and children. To assess the cost-effectiveness (or cost-utility) of palivizumab prophylaxis compared with no prophylaxis in infants and children in different risk groups.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of vitamin A in preventing blindness in children with measles without prior clinical features of vitamin A deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the evidence for the effectiveness of antibiotics in the initial treatment of open fractures of the limbs.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if antibiotic adjuvants improve clinical and microbiological outcome of pulmonary infection in people with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of influenza infection in people with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of antischistosomal drugs, used alone or in combination, for treating S. mansoni infection.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of giving antibiotics to people with NTS diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES: This review aims to summarise the benefits and harms of antibiotics for treating lower UTI in children.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the benefits and harms of short-course (2-4 days) compared to standard duration (7-14 days) oral antibiotic treatment for acute UTI in children.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on rates of burn wound infection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether disposable surgical face masks worn by the surgical team during clean surgery prevent postoperative surgical wound infection.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of wound dressings for preventing SSI in people with surgical wounds healing by primary intention.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of adhesive drapes used during surgery on surgical site infection, cost, mortality and morbidity.

Objective: To quantify the evidence for the effectiveness of antibiotics in the initial treatment of open fractures of the limbs.

This review describes diagnostic and therapeutic advances for infants with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2).

The objective of this systematic review was to determine the accuracy of C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosing serious bacterial and bacterial infections in infants and children presenting with fever.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare the effect of Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD) with other new dressings, with or without silver, on healing and infection prevention in burns.

Objective: To assess the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on rates of burn wound infection.

It is not clear if children with high fever are at increased risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI). Our aim was to systematically review if children suffering from high fever are at high risk for SBI.

Objectives: The objectives of this review are (i) to assess the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs in the clinical recognition of M. pneumoniae in children and adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia; and (ii) to assess the influence of potential sources of heterogeneity on the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs in the clinical recognition of M. pneumoniae.

Objectives: To evaluate the use of delayed antibiotics compared to immediate or no antibiotics as a prescribing strategy for ARTIs. We evaluated clinical outcomes including duration and severity measures for pain, malaise, fever, cough and rhinorrhoea in sore throat, otitis media, bronchitis (cough) and the common cold. We also evaluated the outcomes of antibiotic use, patient satisfaction, antibiotic resistance and re-consultation rates and use of alternative therapies.

Objectives: To assess the evidence on the comparative efficacy of different antibiotics in: (a) alleviating symptoms (pain, fever); (b) shortening the duration of the illness; (c) preventing relapse; and (d) preventing complications (suppurative complications, acute rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis). To assess the evidence on the comparative incidence of adverse effects and the risk-benefit of antibiotic treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis.

Objectives: To assess the effects of inhaling heated water vapour (steam) in the treatment of the common cold by comparing symptoms, viral shedding and nasal resistance.

Objectives: To assess heliox in addition to standard medical care for acute bronchiolitis in infants.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects on mortality, deafness and neurological disability of osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in children and adults.

Objectives: To determine in the treatment of LRTIs: the effectiveness of oxygen therapy and oxygen delivery methods; the safety of these methods; and indications for oxygen therapy.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of P. sidoides for the treatment of ARIs in children and adults.

Objectives: To study the effectiveness and safety of pre-admission antibiotics versus no pre-admission antibiotics or placebo, and different pre-admission antibiotic regimens in decreasing mortality, clinical failure and morbidity in people suspected of meningococcal disease.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of probiotics for preventing acute URTIs.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review based on individual patient data was to assess the safety and efficacy of using procalcitonin for starting or stopping antibiotics over a large range of patients with varying severity of ARIs and from different clinical settings.

Objectives: To determine the effect of rapid viral testing in the ED on the rate of precautionary testing, antibiotic use, and length of ED visit.

Objectives: The objective of this review is to assess the efficacy of aerosolized ribavirin for infants and children with lower respiratory tract infections due to RSV.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation in treating the symptoms of acute URTIs.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of a short course of antibiotics (less than seven days) in comparison to a long course of antibiotics (seven days or greater) for the treatment of AOM in children.

Objectives: To summarize the evidence regarding the efficacy of two to six days of newer oral antibiotics (short duration) compared to 10 days of oral penicillin (standard duration) in treating children with acute GABHS pharyngitis.

Objectives: To assess the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of vitamin C on pneumonia.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of antibiotics compared to a control (no treatment or placebo) for persistent respiratory symptoms (within six months), following acute bronchiolitis.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to identify whether corticosteroid treatment, given episodically or daily, is beneficial to children with viral episodic wheeze.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of different antibiotic regimens in people with cystic fibrosis experiencing an exacerbation, who are chronically infected with organisms of the Burkholderia cepacia complex.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of the antibiotic treatment approaches (monotherapy or combined) for people with sickle cell disease suffering from community-acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether home intravenous antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis is as effective as inpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy and if it is preferred by individuals or families or both.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if treatment of pulmonary exacerbations with inhaled antibiotics in people with cystic fibrosis improves their quality of life, reduces time off school or work and improves their long-term survival.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment regimens designed to eradicate MRSA and to determine whether the eradication of MRSA confers better clinical and microbiological outcomes for people with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypotheses that, in people with cystic fibrosis, macrolide antibiotics: 1. improve clinical status compared to placebo or another antibiotic; 2. do not have unacceptable adverse effects. If benefit was demonstrated, we aimed to assess the optimal type, dose and duration of macrolide therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefit or harm of oral anti-pseudomonal antibiotic therapy for people with CF, colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the:1. treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation; and 2. long-term treatment of chronic infection.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of antibiotics in children up to 18 years with OME.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of different antifungal drugs in the management of fungal keratitis.

OBJECTIVES: To review the effects of supplementation of vitamin A, or one of its derivatives, during pregnancy, alone or in combination with other vitamins and micronutrients, on maternal and newborn clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of cranberries for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different treatment options for primary VUR.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the mode of administration of antibiotic therapy for severe UTI has an effect on cure rate, reinfection rate and kidney scarring.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus for treating infected or uninfected atopic eczema.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the use of prophylactic antibiotics in mammalian bites is effective in preventing bite wound infection.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine whether honey increases the rate of healing in acute wounds (e.g. burns, lacerations) and chronic wounds (e.g. skin ulcers, infected surgical wounds).

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect on time to healing of primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury. To explore the adverse effects of primary closure compared with delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relative effects of various tissue adhesives and conventional skin closure techniques on the healing of surgical wounds.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of water compared with other solutions for wound cleansing.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety and to establish a benefit-risk ratio of acetylcysteine and carbocysteine as symptomatic treatments for acute upper and lower RTIs in paediatric patients without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether antibiotics are effective in the treatment of childhood LRTI secondary to M. pneumoniae infections acquired in the community.

OBJECTIVES: To identify effective antibiotic drug therapies for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) of varying severity in children by comparing various antibiotics.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the efficacy of different antibiotic treatments for CAP in participants older than 12.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of azithromycin to amoxycillin or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (amoxyclav) in the treatment of LRTI, in terms of clinical failure, incidence of adverse events and microbial eradication.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of chest radiography on clinical outcome in acute lower respiratory infections.

Objective: No single reliable sepsis biomarker exists for risk stratification and prognostication in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Serum lactate (LA) predicts mortality in septic adults. We sought to determine if serum LA correlated with the diagnosis of sepsis, admission rates, and outcomes in pediatric patients presenting to the ED with suspected infection. Published: 2013.

Objective: To determine the utility of an initial serum lactate measurement for identifying high risk of death in patients with infection. DESIGN AND SETTING: Post-hoc analysis of a prospectively compiled registry in an urban academic hospital. Published: 2007.

This retrospective review of critically ill infants 0 to 28 days of age presenting with either bacterial sepsis or meningitis or a congenital obstructive left heart syndrome (COLHS), identifies historical, physical, or laboratory findings which might differentiate the two groups at presentation.

This prospective study aimed to develop improved tools to assess children attending ambulatory hospital care, integrating clinical features with point-of-care C reactive protein (CRP).

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of concomitant acute bacterial meningitis in neonates with febrile urinary tract infection.

The objective of this study was to inform the decision to test and empirically treat for herpes simplex virus (HSV) by describing the initial clinical presentation and laboratory findings of infants with a confirmed diagnosis of neonatal HSV.

The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of physical examination, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, white blood cell count, and absolute neutrophils counts for the diagnosis of invasive bacterial infections and potentially serious bacterial infections in infants younger than the age of 3 months presenting with fever without source to the emergency department.

The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic characteristics of the procalcitonin assay for detecting serious bacterial infection and invasive bacterial infection in febrile infants aged 7 to 91 days.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of leukocyte count for the detection of serious bacterial infections in febrile children.

The objective of this study was to determine the unique clinical and laboratory features of neonates with and without herpes simplex virus infection admitted to Texas Children's Hospital during a 14-year period.

Objective: To report the findings from different types of clinical specimens collected from 82 infected individuals

Objective: In order to determine the spectrum of disease in children, we evaluated children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated at the Wuhan Childrens Hospital, the only center assigned by the central government for treating infected children under 16 years of age in Wuhan.

Objective: To report the clinical and epidemiological features in children with coronavirus diseases (COVID) in China.

Objective: For this retrospective study, authors identified all hospitalized infants diagnosed with COVID-19 infection between December 8, 2019, and February 6, 2020, in China and described demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical features.

Objective: We report three cases of pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection who presented with anosmia and/or ageusia.

Objective To provide an early description and characterization of COVID-19 infection in North American PICUs, focusing on mode of presentation, presence of comorbidities, severity of disease, therapeutic interventions, clinical trajectory, and early outcomes.

Objective: We report epidemiological and clinical investigations on ten pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection cases confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR assay of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the risk of serious bacterial infection in children with hyperpyrexia and (2) whether clinical presentation can identify hyperpyrexic patients at risk for serious bacterial infection.