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Flowchart of evaluation and management of functional constipation in children.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of pediatric constipation - version 2.0. Published online: November 2021.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of pediatric constipation - French, version 2.0 Published online: March 2022.

These emergency department guidelines cover the background, assessment and management of constipation in children.

These clinical practice guidelines cover the description, etiology, diagnosis and management of constipation in children.

This guideline covers diagnosing and managing constipation in children and young people up to 18. It provides strategies to support the early identification and timely, effective treatment of constipation which will help improve outcomes for patients. It does not cover constipation caused by a specific condition.

This evidence-based guideline provides recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of children withfunctionalconstipation to standardize and improve their quality of care. In addition, 2 algorithms were developed, one for the infants under 6 months of age and the other for older infants and children.

These guidelines are published in English and French, and cover the description, etiology, diagnosis and management, including long-term treatments and behavioural modifications and education, for functional constipation in children.

Objectives: Know that constipation is a common problem in childhood with a diverse clinical presentation. Understand that functional constipation is a symptom-based diagnosis that does not require extensive testing. Recognize that most children who present with fecal incontinence or encopresis have associated constipation. Describe the treatment of constipation and encopresis, which should include a medical-behavioral approach that focuses on maintaining soft and regular bowel movements and improving toileting behavior.

This article provides a description, assessment, and analysis of each functional gastrointestinal intestinal disorder that affects the neonate/toddler age group.

This summary article about the Rome IV diagnostic criteria describes the the field of functional gastrointestinal disorders, distinguishes them from motility and structural disorders, discusses the changes from the Rome III criteria, reviews the Rome committee process, provides a biopsychological pathophysiological conceptualization of functional gastrointestinal disorders, and offers an approach to patient care.

The Rome criteria provide symptom-based guidelines by which child and adolescent functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) can be diagnosed.

This summary addresses the questions: What are the effectiveness and side effects of osmotic and stimulant laxatives used for the treatment of functional childhood constipation?

This is a review of current guidelines for diagnosing and managing idiopathic constipation in children.

In 2016, treatment of childhood constipation was extensively reviewed by Rome IV. This review covers meta-analyses and evidence for treatment of paediatric constipation since 2016 and new emerging treatments.

To gather current evidence on the use of fiber for constipation treatment in pediatric patients.

To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on functional constipation in children.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective is to assess Cisapride's role and safety as a prokinetic drug in the management of constipation and constipation predominant Irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS).The secondary objective is to assess Cisapride's efficacy in improving symptoms of constipation and IBS.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and review all relevant data in order to determine whether Lactulose or Polyethylene Glycol is more effective at treating chronic constipation and faecal impaction.

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of osmotic and stimulant laxatives used to treat functional childhood constipation.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the review was to determine the effect of stimulant laxative treatment in children with chronic constipation who may also suffer from soiling / encopresis.

The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy and safety of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in the treatment of pediatric functional constipation.

This review discusses the evaluation and management of functional constipation in the pediatric population and provides a summary of drug treatment options.

This systematic review aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for children with chronic constipation? What are the effects of treatments for clearing the bowel in children with faecal impaction?

The objectives of this systematic review were to summarize the evidence and assess the reported quality of studies concerning nonpharmacologic treatments for childhood constipation, including fiber, fluid, physical movement, prebiotics, probiotics, behavioral therapy, multidisciplinary treatment, and forms of alternative medicine.

The objective of this systematic review was to investigate and summarise the quantity and quality of the current evidence for the effect of laxatives and dietary measures on functional childhood constipation.

This systematic review aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of fibre for children with chronic constipation? What are the effects of probiotics for children with chronic constipation?

The aim of this study was to critically review and update the evidence in this field by mapping all the steps involved against those reported in previous reviews, in an attempt to understand the nature of their conflicting results.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) and functional constipation (FC).

This study reviewed the existing literatures of 6 Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) to ascertain some baseline understanding and available information for the effects of probiotics on stool frequency and consistency in children with constipation.

We updated our 2010 systematic review on the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of constipation in children.

To perform a systematic review evaluating the value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time (CTT), and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children.

This review covers the description, etiology, diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome in children.

The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effects of behavioural and/or cognitive interventions for the management of faecal incontinence in children.

We reviewed the available evidence on the role of fiber in the treatment of Functional Constipation (FC) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in children.

To describe and to assess the evidence from observational, controlled studies concerning the association between abdominal radiography and symptoms and signs related to constipation in children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) during maintenance treatment of childhood functional constipation (FC) in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between abdominal radiograph performance and emergency department (ED) revisits with important alternate diagnosis among children with constipation.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of pelvic physiotherapy (PPT) vs standard medical care (SMC) in children with functional constipation.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate among parents of infants and toddlers the agreement between parental report and the Bristol Stool Scale (BSS) in assessing stool consistency and the effect of both methods on determining the prevalence of functional constipation (FC) according to the Rome III criteria.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether follow-up by phone or self-management through Web-based information improved treatment outcomes for childhood functional constipation.

This phase two clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of suppositories containing free fatty acids (FFA) compared with Klyx docusate sodium and sorbitol enemas for treating constipation in children.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 2 different polyethylene glycol (PEG) doses for the maintenance treatment of functional constipation in children.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a high-dose oral protocol using polyethylene glycol with electrolytes (PEG + E) (Movicol Rx) combined with sodium picosulphate (SP) (Dulcolax SP Rx) in faecal impaction in children presenting to a suburban clinic.

The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of children diagnosed with constipation assigned a significant alternative diagnosis within 7 days (misdiagnosis), if there was an association between abdominal radiograph (AXR) performance and misdiagnosis, and if there were features that might identify children with misdiagnoses.

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether enema administration is associated with 7-day emergency department (ED) revisits for persistent symptoms of pediatric constipation. Secondary objectives focused on assessing other predictors of ED revisits.

This multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prucalopride in children (6 months to 18 years old) with functional constipation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of routine milk and molasses enemas (MME) compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in the pediatric emergency department (ED). A secondary objective included the identification of factors associated with enema selection in the pediatric ED.

This study tested the hypothesis that enemas and polyethylene glycol (PEG) would be equally effective in treating rectal fecal impaction (RFI) but enemas would be less well tolerated and colonic transit time (CTT) would improve during disimpaction.

This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of additional treatment with rectal enemas (intervention) with conventional treatment alone (oral laxatives, control) in severely constipated children.

This study aimed to establish the efficacy and best starting dose of polyethylene glycol (PEG)3350 in the short-term treatment of children with functional constipation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of behavioral therapy with laxatives compared with conventional treatment in treating functional constipation in childhood.

The objective of this study was to describe variation in emergency department evaluation and treatment of children with constipation and characteristics and treatments associated with improvement.

The objective of this study were to assess the efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes (PEG+E) for the treatment of chronic constipation in children.

The aim of this study was to compare 2 laxatives, namely, polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes and milk of magnesia, evaluating the efficacy, safety, acceptance, and 1-year outcomes.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of children presenting to the ED with constipation and the ED interventions; to measure short-term symptom resolution at 48 hours and 7 days after the ED visit; and to identify predictive factors associated with poor symptom resolution at 48 hours and 7 days after the ED visit.

To determine 1) the sensitivity and specificity of plain AXR in the diagnosis of constipation and 2) the effect of age, race, gender, comorbid conditions, and practice setting on the diagnosis of constipation.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and tolerance of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) and lactulose for the treatment of functional constipation in infants and children.

To compare the effectiveness of the magnesium (Mg)-enriched formula vs. control formula in constipated infants.

To evaluate efficacy and safety of oral intake of black strap molasses syrup (BSM) on FC in children.

We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of lubiprostone in children and adolescents with functional constipation.

The objectives of this longitudinal study were to describe the clinical characteristics of children with bowel dysfunction and to examine the effects of bowel dysfunction on patient outcomes in children with and without vesicoureteral reflux.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution vs polyethylene glycol-3350 for the treatment of fecal impaction in pediatric patients.

The primary objective of this study was to compare the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and worry of pediatric patients with functional GI disorders (FGIDs) and organic GI diseases to healthy controls utilizing the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventor (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Worry Scales for patient self-reports ages 5-18 years and parent proxy-reports for ages 2-18 years. The secondary objective was to compare FGIDs and organic GI diseases to each other.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the success and complication rates of administering milk and molasses enemas in the ED.

This study aimed to compare efficacy of enema versus polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 for pediatric fecal impaction treatment.

To assess evidence supporting the view that 'low fibre causes childhood constipation'.

This study aims to determine the frequency of impaction detectable only on DRE among children satisfying Rome III criteria without requiring DRE and also the inter-observer influences on impaction detection by DRE.