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Flowchart of emergency management in children for acute otitis media.

Acute Otitis Media prevention and antibiotic therapy.

Flow chart of criteria for management of children with suspected and confirmed acute otitis media based on symptoms of children over 6 months of age.

Bottom Line Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of AOM.

Bottom Line Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of AOM-French.

Video instructing how to diagnose otitis media with otoscopy and cerum removal.

Children's Health Queensland Statewide Paediatric Guideline for emergency management of acute otitis media in children.

Canadian Paediatric Society position statement on the management of acute otitis media in children aged 6 months and older.

The Danish Health and Medicines Authority and the Danish Society of Otorhinolaryngology guidelines regarding the diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media and surgical treatment of recurrent AOM and chronic OME in preschool children.

Evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians.

Objective: To assess the effects of systemic corticosteroids (oral or parenteral), with or without antibiotics, for AOM in children.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing the occurrence of acute otitis media in infants and children.

Objective: Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or NSAIDs, alone or combined, compared with placebo or no treatment in relieving pain in children with AOM. Our secondary objective was to assess the effectiveness of NSAIDs compared with paracetamol in children with AOM.

Objective: To assess the benefits and harms of oral antibiotics in children up to 18 years with OME.

Objective: To review the evidence comparing efectiveness of topical antibiotics with oral antibiotics, placebo, or no treatment in children with AOM presenting with ear discharge caused by spontaneous perforation of the eardrum.

Objective: We present a comprehensive review and meta-analysis, of both the microbiology and antimicrobial resistance of AOM organisms to commonly used antimicrobial agents, with the aim of informing responsible antimicrobial stewardship.

Objective: The intent with this review is to provide an overview of strategies that pediatric providers can take from paper to practice.

Objective: To assess the effects of systemic corticosteroids (oral or parenteral), with or without antibiotics, for AOM in children.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing the occurrence of acute otitis media in infants and children.

Objective: Review of AOM and the evidence regarding use of antibiotics or watchful waiting to treat children at different levels of disease severity.

Objective: Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or NSAIDs, alone or combined, compared with placebo or no treatment in relieving pain in children with AOM. Our secondary objective was to assess the effectiveness of NSAIDs compared with paracetamol in children with AOM.

Objective: To assess the benefits and harms of oral antibiotics in children up to 18 years with OME.

Objective: To assess the effects of antibiotics for children with AOM.

Objective: To systematically review the literature and, where appropriate, meta-analyse studies investigating subsequent antibiotic resistance in individuals prescribed antibiotics in primary care.

Objective: To describe the diagnostic and management practice in children with acute otitis media (AOM) presenting to the emergency department (ED) and compare diagnosis and management against existing guidelines.

Objective: To assess the implications and recommendations to improve antibiotic stewardship through watchful waiting as an alternative to immediate antibiotic treatment in children with AOM.

Objective: We have developed a primary care-based multifaceted educational intervention to optimise pain management in children with AOM, and we trial its clinical and cost effectiveness.

Objective: Given methodologic limitations in available publications, we undertook the current trial involving children 6 to 23 months of age to determine whether limiting antimicrobial treatment to 5 days rather than using the standard 10-day regimen would afford equivalent outcomes and whether doing so also for subsequent episodes would lead to a reduction in the overall use of antimicrobial treatment, with a resulting reduction in the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of symptoms and other risk factors in predicting the presence of AOM in infants.

Objective: This study determined the epidemiologic characteristics and etiology of asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infection in the first year of life and the association with acute otitis media complication.

Objective: We undertook this clinical trial to determine the extent to which antimicrobial treatment affects the course of both symptoms and signs of acute otitis media, irrespective of the apparent severity of the disease, among children 6 to 23 months of age in whom the diagnosis of acute otitis media is quite certain.

Objective: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in the age group with the highest incidence of acute otitis media. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media when strict diagnostic criteria are used and the antimicrobial coverage and dosage of the active treatment are adequate.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of pediatric anaphylaxis - version 1.2. Published online: December 2018.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of pediatric anaphylaxis - en francais. Published online: October 2018.

This French pre-printed order (PPO) set is for management of pediatric anaphylaxis in the ED. PPO document is adaptable to your hospitals form policy. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.1.

This pre-printed order (PPO) set is for management of pediatric anaphylaxis in the ED. PPO document is adaptable to your hospitals form policy. Published online: December 2018, Version 1.1.

This document outlines the references used and team involved in the development of the anaphylaxis PedsPac. Published online: October 2018.

This point of care algorithm is to guide initial management of pediatric anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department. Published online: December 2018, Version 1.1.

This pocket card contains tips to manage pediatric patients with anaphylaxis. Updated online: April 2019, Version 1.2.

This pocket card contains tips to manage pediatric patients with anaphylaxis. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.2.

This point of care algorithm is to guide initial management of pediatric anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.1.

This manual has been developed for primarily non-medical people. It consists of an updated Consensus Statement and an Appendices section from the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. The Consensus Statement provides recommendations for the management of anaphylaxis in the community, which are based on the most current research. The Appendices section provides resources that will help individuals at risk of anaphylaxis, educators, caregivers, and parents understand the basics of anaphylaxis.

This position statement addresses a number of questions regarding epinephrine administration/prescribing suggestions for the infant under 15kg who is at risk for anaphylaxis, including: What are possible consequences of administering a larger than recommended dose of epinephrine? Are there other ways to prescribe the recommended dose of epinephrine? What are the consequences of not administering epinephrine? What does the Canadian Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology suggest for the infant less than 15kg?

The objective of this parameter is to update these previous versions and ultimately to improve the care of patients by providing the practicing physician with an evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of anaphylactic events.

The World Allergy Organization (WAO) Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis provide a unique global perspective on this increasingly common, potentially life-threatening disease. Recommendations made in the original WAO Anaphylaxis Guidelines remain clinically valid and relevant, and are a widely accessed and frequently cited resource. In this 2015 update of the evidence supporting recommendations in the Guidelines, new information based on anaphylaxis publications from January 2014 through mid- 2015 is summarized.

The recommendations made in this document about the management of anaphylaxis apply to anaphylaxis that occurs in an ED setting. Some of these recommendations might be different if anaphylaxis occurs in an office setting.

Anaphylaxis is a clinical emergency, and all healthcare professionals should be familiar with its recognition and acute and ongoing management. These guidelines have been prepared by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Taskforce on Anaphylaxis. They aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the recognition, risk factor assessment, and the management of patients who are at risk of, are experiencing, or have experienced anaphylaxis.

The illustrated World Allergy Organization (WAO) Anaphylaxis Guidelines were created in response to absence of global guidelines for anaphylaxis. They incorporate contributions from more than 100 allergy/immunology specialists on 6 continents. Recommendations are based on the best evidence available, supported by references published to the end of December 2010. The Guidelines review patient risk factors for severe or fatal anaphylaxis, co-factors that amplify anaphylaxis, and anaphylaxis in vulnerable patients, including pregnant women, infants, the elderly, and those with cardiovascular disease. They focus on the supreme importance of making a prompt clinical diagnosis and on the basic initial treatment that is urgently needed and should be possible even in a low resource environment.

This review analyzes the use of corticosteroids for reducing anaphylaxis severity and preventing biphasic anaphylaxis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the scope of epinephrine pitfalls and opportunities for improvement in the management of allergy emergencies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time of onset and predictors of biphasic anaphylactic reactions.

In this rostrum we aim to increase awareness of anaphylaxis in infancy in order to improve clinical diagnosis, management, and prevention of recurrences.

This paper reviews the factors that contribute to the risk of severe anaphylactic events and provides a framework for the ongoing management of patients at risk of severe food allergy.

The objective of this systematic review was to assess the benefits and harms of H2-antihistamines in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

We sought to assess the benefits and harms of glucocorticoid treatment during episodes of anaphylaxis.

The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injectors in relieving respiratory, cardiovascular, and other symptoms during episodes of anaphylaxis that occur in the community.

The objective of this systematic review was to assess the benefits and harm of H1-antihistamines in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

This multi-incident analysis was conducted to identify factors contributing to errors when epinephrine was used for the treatment of anaphylaxis and to suggest strategies to prevent or minimize potential harm when epinephrine is used for this indication.

factors contributing to errors when epinephrine was

used for the treatment of anaphylaxis and to suggest

strategies to prevent or minimize potential harm

when epinephrine is used for this indication.

The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and clinical predictors of biphasic reactions in children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with anaphylaxis.

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with early epinephrine treatment for FIA and to specifically examine the association between early epinephrine treatment and hospitalization.

Previous work has shown patients commonly misuse adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI). It is unclear whether this is due to inadequate training, or poor device design. We undertook a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate ability to administer adrenaline using different AAI devices.

This pocket card contains tips to manage pediatric patients with severe asthma. This pocket card is intended for use on patients greater or equal to 12 months of age. Published online: August 2019, Version 1.2.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of asthma. Updated February 2019, Version 1.2.

Recommandations de base pour l'évaluation et la prise en charge de l'asthme.

This pre-printed order (PPO) set is for management of pediatric severe asthma in the ED. PPO document is adaptable to your hospitals form policy. This PPO is intended for use on patients greater than or equal to 12 months of age. Published online: December 2018, Version 1.0.

This point of care algorithm is to guide initial management of pediatric severe asthma in the Emergency Department. This algorithm is intended for use on patients greater than or equal to 12 months of age. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.1.

This document outlines the references used and team involved in the development of the asthma PedsPac. Published online: December 2018, Version 1.0.

This pocket card contains tips to manage pediatric patients with severe asthma. This pocket card is intended for use on patients > 12 months of age. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.0.

This pre-printed order (PPO) set is for management of pediatric severe asthma in the ED. PPO document is adaptable to your hospitals form policy. This PPO is intended for use on patients > 12 months of age. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.0.

This point of care algorithm is to guide initial management of pediatric severe asthma in the Emergency Department. This algorithm is intended for use on patients greater than or equal to 12 months of age. Published online: April 2019, Version 1.0.

The GINA Science Committee reviews published research on asthma management and prevention, evaluates the impact of asthma research, and provides yearly updates to guidance documents. See Chapter 4, Part D: Management of Asthma Exacerbations in the Emergency Department.

The P-EDACP is for patients aged 1 to 17 years presenting with wheeze and/or cough who have a history of asthma and/or prior history of wheezing. Additional tools include medication guidelines and pre-printed physicians orders (PPO) for each of the four severity levels, a patient education checklist, and discharge instructions with integrated prescription.

This French language webpage created by the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, provides guidelines, pathways and order sheets for treating acute asthma in emergency departments.

This French language pathway created by the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, provides guidance on treating pediatric patients with severe status asthmaticus.

Assessment sheets for pediatric asthma patients, includes PRAM Scoring instructions.

These orders contain recommendations based on PRAM Score for children aged 12 months - 18 years with a diagnosis of asthma

This checklist contains education topics to review with patients/caregivers

Review question: When someone is having an asthma attack is it as safe and effective to use a spacer instead of a nebuliser? Background: During an asthma attack, the airways (tubes in the lungs) narrow making breathing difficult. The initial response to an asthma attack is to treat with a drug that can open up the airways and make breathing easier. These drugs are called bronchodilators and in this review we are looking specifically at a class of bronchodilators called beta-agonists (for example salbutamol). These drugs can be taken straight from an inhaler, but during an asthma attack they are easier to take using either a spacer or a nebuliser. A spacer is a hollow chamber. A puff of drug from an inhaler is added to the chamber and then the person breathes in and out normally (also described as tidal breathing), from a mouthpiece on the chamber. A nebuliser is a machine with a mask that goes over the person's mouth and nose and through which a constant stream of drug and air (or oxygen) is breathed in and out normally. What evidence did we find? We found 39 clinical trials involving 1897 children and 729 adults. Thirty-three of the trials were conducted in an emergency room (or emergency department) and community settings (such as a GP's surgery), and six trials were on inpatients (people in hospital) with acute asthma (207 children and 28 adults). Overall we judged the quality of the evidence to be moderate. What do the studies tell us? Taking beta-agonists through either a spacer or a nebuliser in the emergency department did not make a difference to the number of adults being admitted to hospital, whilst in children we can be fairly confident that nebulisers are not better than spacers at preventing admissions. In children, the length of stay in the emergency department was significantly shorter when the spacer was used instead of a nebuliser. The average stay in the emergency department for children given nebulised treatment was 103 minutes. Children given treatment via spacers spent an average of 33 minutes less. In adults, the length of stay in the emergency department was similar for the two delivery methods. However the adult studies were conducted slightly differently which may have made it more difficult to show a difference in the length of stay in the emergency department. Because all the adult studies used a so-called "double-dummy" design, the adults received a spacer AND a nebuliser (either beta-agonist in a spacer and a dummy nebuliser or vice versa) which meant both groups of people were in the emergency department for as long as it took to take both treatments. Lung function tests were also similar for the two delivery methods in both adults and children. Pulse rate was lower in children taking beta-agonists through a spacer (mean difference 5% baseline), and there was a lower risk of developing tremor. Conclusion: Metered-dose inhalers with a spacer can perform at least as well as wet nebulisation in delivering beta-agonists in children with acute asthma, but we are less certain about the results in adults.

Background: In an asthma attack, the airways (small tubes in the lungs) narrow because of inflammation (swelling), muscle spasms and mucus secretions. Other symptoms include wheezing, coughing and chest tightness. This makes breathing difficult. Reliever inhalers typically contain short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs) that relax the muscles in the airways, opening the airways so that breathing is easier. Anticholinergic drugs work by opening the airways and decreasing mucus secretions. Review question: We looked at randomised controlled trials to find out whether giving inhaled anticholinergics plus SABAs (instead of SABAs on their own) in the emergency department provides benefits or harms in children having an asthma attack. Key results: We found that children with a moderate or severe asthma attack who were given both drugs in the emergency department were less likely to be admitted to the hospital than those who only had SABAs. In the group receiving only SABAs, on average 23 out of 100 children with acute asthma were admitted to hospital compared with an average of 17 (95% CI 15 to 20) out of 100 children treated with SABAs plus anticholinergics. Taking both drugs was also better at improving lung function. Taking both drugs did not seem to reduce the possibility of another asthma attack. Fewer children treated with anticholinergics reported nausea and tremor, but no significant group difference was observed for vomiting. Quality of the evidence and further research: Most of the studies were in preschool- and school-aged children; three studies also included a small proportion of infants under 18 months of age, although there was no evidence that inclusion of these infants with wheezy episodes affected the results. Nine trials (45%) were at a low risk of bias and we regarded the evidence for hospitalisation as high quality. Physicians can administer the dose of anticholinergic and SABA in several different ways; as a single dose, or as a certain number of doses or more flexibly. Most of the trials gave the children two or three doses and we think that more research is needed to improve characterization of children that benefit from, and the most effective number and frequency of doses of, anticholinergic treatment.

Acuteasthma is a common cause of visits toemergencydepartments (ED) and the majority of patients are treated and discharged home. Some people will have arelapseofacuteasthma within two weeks of being discharged after apparently successful treatment. Beta2-agonist drugs are used to open the muscles in the airways and corticosteroids drugs are used to reduce inflammation of the swollen airways.Corticosteroidscan be inhaled (ICS) or swallowed as a tablet (so-calledoralcorticosteroids). ICS may reduceadverse effectsand get to the airways more directly thanoralcorticosteroids. Thisreviewof trials found that there was insufficient evidence that inhaling corticosteroids as well as taking the drugs orally is better thanoraluse alone, afteremergencydepartment treatment for an asthma attack. There is also insufficient evidence that taking ICS alone is as good as taking them orally, although there is some evidence to support using ICS alone for mild asthma attacks afteremergencydepartment discharge. Moreresearchis needed.

Children frequently visit theemergencydepartment foracuteexacerbation of asthma. Some of these children fail to respond tostandard treatment(corticosteroids and bronchodilators) with increasedmorbidity. Ketamine has bronchodilatory properties and may be useful foracuteexacerbation of asthma. We evaluated theefficacyof ketamine for management of severeacuteasthma in children who had not responded to standardtherapy. We found, through systematic search, only onestudywhere investigators assessed the usefulness of ketamine for management of severeacuteasthma in children. While this singlestudysuggested that there is a lack of evidence for usefulness of ketamine inacuteexacerbation of asthma in children, more trials are needed regarding the use of ketamine inacuteasthma before more specific recommendations can be made.

Asthma care for children in our society is common and costly. There is now evidence that educationalinterventionfor children who have attended theemergencydepartment for asthma lowers theriskof the need for futureemergencydepartment visits and hospital admissions. Thisreviewlooked at studies which compared usual care for asthma to more intensive educational programmes and the results showed astatistically significantreduction in the treatment groups needing subsequentemergencydepartment visits or hospital admissions. We were not able to determine the most effective type, duration or intensity ofeducationthat should be offered to children to offer the best asthma outcomes.

In an asthma attack, the airways (passages to the lungs) narrow from muscle spasms and swelling (inflammation). Bronchodilator drugs (reliever inhalers) can be used to relax the muscles and open the airways, and corticosteroid drugs to reduce the inflammation. Magnesium sulfate is a drug that can also affect muscles, and may reduce inflammation as well. It can be given through a drip in the veins (intravenously). Thereviewof trials found thatintravenousmagnesium sulfate in addition to bronchodilators seems to be safe and beneficial for people with severe asthma attacks, or those for whom bronchodilators are not working.

In an asthma attack, the airways (passages to the lungs) narrow from muscle spasms and swelling (inflammation). Bronchodilators (reliever inhalers to open up the lungs and airways) can be used for the spasms, and corticosteroids for the swelling.Corticosteroidscan be inhaled, or taken by mouth (orally) or through a drip into the veins (intravenously). Thereviewof trials found thatsystemic(oralorintravenous) corticosteroids reduce the need for people with asthma attacks to stay in hospital, with fewadverse effects.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the effects of intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulfate on treating adults and children with acute asthma.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether intramuscular or oral dexamethasone is equivalent or superior to a 5-day course of oral prednisone or prednisolone. The primary outcome of interest was return visits or hospital readmissions.

Objectives: To assess the effects of holding chambers (spacers) compared to nebulisers for the delivery of beta(2)-agonists for acute asthma. This review includes a total of 1897 children and 729 adults in 39 trials. Thirty-three trials were conducted in the emergency room and equivalent community settings, and six trials were on inpatients with acute asthma (207 children and 28 adults).

Objectives: To determine whether the addition of inhaled anticholinergics to SABAs provides clinical improvement and affects the incidence of adverse effects in children with acute asthma exacerbations.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of ICS on outcomes in the treatment of acute asthma following discharge from the ED. To quantify the effectiveness of ICS therapy on acute asthma following ED discharge, when used in addition to, or as a substitute for, systemic corticosteroids.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of ketamine compared to placebo, no intervention or standard care for management of severe acute asthma in children who had not responded to standard therapy.

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of the literature and update the previous review as to whether asthma education leads to improved health outcomes in children who have attended the emergency room for asthma.

Objectives: To examine the effect of additional intravenous magnesium sulfate in patients with acute asthma managed in the emergency department. Seven trials were included (5 adult, 2 pediatric).

Objectives: To determine the benefit of treating patients with acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids within an hour of presenting to the emergency department (ED).

To determine the performance characteristics of the Preschool Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) in preschool and school-aged children with acute asthma.

To elaborate and validate a Preschool Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) that would accurately reflect the severity of airway obstruction and the response to treatment in young patients with asthma.

Guideline to help with the interpretation of CSF results for the purpose of diagnosing or excluding meningitis.

Guideline for performing lumbar puncture.

Guideline for the assessment and management of meningitis-encephalitis.

Flowchart of management of bacterial meningitis in children and young people, incorporating NICE Bacterial Meningitis and Meningococcal Septicaemia Guideline CG102.

Guidance for front line nurses on the early recognition of meningitis and sepsis (what to look for).

Guideline covering recognising, diagnosing and managing bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in babies, children and young people under 16.

Statement reviewing the current epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children beyond the neonatal period and provide guidelines for the empirical management of suspected bacterial meningitis in Canadian children.

Clinical practice guidelines for the acute management of infants and children with bacterial meningitis.

Practice guidelines to provide clinicians with recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To evaluate treatment of acute bacterial meningitis with differing volumes of initial fluid administration (up to 72 hours after first presentation) and the effects on death and neurological sequelae.

Objective: To examine the effect of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy versus placebo on mortality, hearing loss and neurological sequelae in people of all ages with acute bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To determine if a clinical prediction rule can reliably determine which children should be hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics for bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of adjuvant dexamethasone therapy in paediatric bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To review the evidence regarding the utility of obtaining head CT prior to lumbar puncture in adults with suspected bacterial meningitis.

Objective: This review discusses the clinical signs and symptoms that should lead emergency physicians to consider CNS infection, paying particular attention to the sensitivity and specificity of different clinical findings at the bedside. Subsequently, the diagnostic workup and management of patients for whom there is high clinical suspicion for CNS infection is discussed.

Objective: To evaluate treatment of acute bacterial meningitis with differing volumes of initial fluid administration (up to 72 hours after first presentation) and the effects on death and neurological sequelae.

Objective: To examine the effect of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy versus placebo on mortality, hearing loss and neurological sequelae in people of all ages with acute bacterial meningitis.

Objective: Revised Swedish guidelines regarding early lumbar puncture (LP) are presented, and the background documentation and reasons for omitting impaired consciousness, new onset seizures, and immunocompromised state as contraindications to LP are discussed.

Objective: Our aim was to systematically identify and review the quality and performance of published clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for children with suspected bacterial meningitis.

Objective: The study objective of the present work was to calculate the performance of the Bacterial Meningitis Score by performing a meta-analysis of all published validation studies.

Objective: Our study's purpose was to assess the utility of CSF lactate in differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis.

Objective: To seek evidence supporting accuracy of clinical features of pediatric bacterial meningitis.

Objective: There has been controversy regarding the risk of cerebral herniation caused by a lumbar puncture (LP) in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). This review discusses in detail the issues involved in this controversy.

Objective: In 2006, we started a prospective cohort study to identify and characterize host genetic traits and bacterial genetic factors controlling occurrence and outcome of bacterial meningitis (MeninGene). Here, we report data from this study, focusing on complications of LP in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis and the role of cranial CT prior to LP.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effect on outcome of adherence to European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and Swedish guidelines regarding neuroimaging before LP.

Objective: The main objectives of this study were to identify the adherence of clinicians to IDSA guidelines regarding cranial imaging in patients with CAM, to evaluate the clinical and prognostic differences between those patients with and without an indication for cranial imaging, and to assess the clinical impact in management in those with abnormal intracranial findings with or without altered mental status as their sole indication for imaging.

Objective: Despite guideline emphasis on early treatment, performing CT prior to LP implies a risk of delayed treatment and unfavorable outcome. Therefore, Swedish guidelines were revised in 2009, deleting impaired mental status as a contraindication for LP without prior CT scan. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the guideline revision.

Objective: Our objectives were to analyze the prevalence and microbiology of bacterial meningitis in this group and its prevalence in relation to clinical and laboratory risk factors.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe the outcomes following invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in a prospective cohort of children and adults, and to identify specific risk factors for death and development of neurological and nonneurological complications.

Objective: To compare the performance of two of these CDRs for children: the Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS) and the Meningitest.

Objective: To validate the Bacterial Meningitis Score in the era of widespread pneumococcal conjugate vaccination.

Objective: We conducted a retrospective review of children with bacterial meningitis to describe the rate at which parenteral antibiotic pretreatment sterilizes CSF cultures.

Objective: To assess 1) the characteristics of the CSF differential in aseptic versus bacterial meningitis, 2) the influence of duration of illness on the CSF differential, and 3) the role of the CSF differential in discriminating between aseptic versus bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To compare ceftriaxone with cefuroxime for the treatment of meningitis, we conducted a study in which 106 children with acute bacterial meningitis were randomly assigned to receive either ceftriaxone (100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, administered intravenously once daily; n = 53) or cefuroxime (240 mg per kilogram per day, administered intravenously in four equal doses; n = 53).

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of bronchiolitis. Updated April 2017

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of bronchiolitis - en francais.

This guideline is a revision of the clinical practice guideline, Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis, published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2006. The guideline applies to children from 1 through 23 months of age. Other exclusions are noted. Each key action statement indicates level of evidence, benefit-harm relationship, and level of recommendation.

The goals of this statement are to build on the comprehensive peer-reviewed AAP statement by incorporating new evidence published over the past eight years, while providing the clinician with recommendations to help guide diagnosis, monitoring and management of previously healthy children one to 24 months of age who present with signs of bronchiolitis.

Evidence summary for the treatment and management of bronchiolitis.

This review summarizes evidence on the effect of antibiotics on clinical outcomes in children with bronchiolitis.

This review summarizes the evidence about the effect of bronchodilators in infants with bronchiolitis.

Objective: To examine clinically relevant short-term safety outcomes related to acute single or recurrent systemic short-term (<2 weeks) corticosteroid use based on systematic reviews of acute respiratory conditions.

Objective: to assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic ( 3%) saline solution in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Objective: to review the efficacy and safety of systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids in children with acute viral bronchiolitis.

This updated overview of reviews aims to synthesize evidence from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) on the effectiveness and safety of 11 pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments to improve bronchiolitis symptoms in outpatient, inpatient and intensive care populations.

Objective: to examine the efficacy and safety of epinephrine in children less than two with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of nebulized hypertonic saline (HS) in infants with acute bronchiolitis.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age compared to placebo or other interventions.

Objective: to assess the effects of bronchodilators on clinical outcomes in infants (0 to 12 months) with acute bronchiolitis.

Objective: to review the efficacy and safety of systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids in children with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Objective: to assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic ( 3%) saline solution in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Objective: to examine the efficacy and safety of epinephrine in children less than two with acute viral bronchiolitis.

Objectives: to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of bronchodilators and steroids, alone or combined, for the acute management of bronchiolitis in children aged less than 2 years.

Objectives: Bronchiolitis is the most common lung infection in infants and treatment focuses on management of respiratory distress and hypoxia. High-flow warm humidified oxygen (HFWHO) is increasingly used, but has not been rigorously studied in randomised trials. This study aimed to examine whether HFWHO provided enhanced respiratory support, thereby shortening time to weaning off oxygen

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial with a factorial design at multiple sites was undertaken to determine whether treatment with nebulized epinephrine, a short course of oral dexamethasone, or both resulted in a clinically important decrease in hospital admissions among infants with bronchiolitis who were seen in the emergency department.

The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of oral dexamethasone in infants with moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis.

Objectives: to determine the proportion of radiographs inconsistent with bronchiolitis in children with typical presentation of bronchiolitis and to compare rates of intended antibiotic therapy before radiography versus those given antibiotics after radiography.

Burns management guidelines for pediatric burn assessment.

Pediatric burn guidelines reference chart.

UBC Division of Plastic Surgery: Pediatric burn referrals.

Guidelines for burns centre consultations.

Guideline for the management of burn wounds.

ISBI 2014-2016 Practice guidelines for burn care.

Objective: To assess the effects and safety of antiseptics for the treatment of burns in any care setting.

Objective: To assess the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on rates of burn wound infection.

Objective: To assess the effects of burn wound dressings on superficial and partial thickness burns.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare the effect of Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD) with other new dressings, with or without silver, on healing and infection prevention in burns.

Objective: To provide an understanding of the practice of outpatient small burn care, and to present the concepts of inpatient burn care and long-term burn aftercare.

Objective: The aim of this article is to give an overview of burns trauma, and to describe the initial assessment and management of patients with these injuries in emergency departments (EDs). Part 1 of 2.

Objective: The aim of the two articles is to enhance emergency clinicians knowledge and confidence in burn management, and to build awareness of the life-changing implications of the initial clinical interventions in burn care. Part 2 of 2.

Objective: To review emergency care, management and prevention of pediatric burns.

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the clinical effectiveness of nanocrystalline silver compared to alternative silver delivery systems (silver sulphadiazine [SSD] and silver nitrate) in adults and children with superficial and deep partial thickness burns.

Objective: To discuss the history of fluid resuscitation, current resuscitation practices, and future directions of resuscitation for the pediatric burn population.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation for initial assessment and management in burned children.

Objective: This article reviews methods for accurate classification and management of the full range of burns seen in pediatric patients.

Objective: To assess the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on rates of burn wound infection.

Objective: To determine the level of evidence available in the literature in view of recent increased usage of Acticoat dressings in burns.

Objective: The goal of this concise review is to provide an overview of some of the most important resuscitation and monitoring issues and approaches that are unique to burn patients compared with the general intensive care unit population.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of three different dressings for pediatric partial-thickness scald burns.

Objective: To determine which treatment is the best option when encountering blisters while treating burn patients.

Objective: This study sought to determine whether silver sodium carboxymethyl cellulose dressing is a superior treatment to nanocrystalline silver-coated polyethylene dressing in pediatric patients with partial thickness burns.

Objective: This study compared the effects of three silver dressing combinations on small to medium size acute partial thickness burns in children, focusing on re-epithelialization time, pain and distress during dressing changes.

Objective: To evaluate the differences between initial TBSA estimates and its impact on fluid resuscitation at an American Burn Associationverified pediatric burn center.

Bottom line recommendations for caring for children with developmental and intellectual disabilities in the ED. Published online: March 2019, v 1.0.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of concussion. Updated: August 2018.

Bottom line recommendations for the treatment and management of concussion - en francais. Updated: August 2018.

The Child SCAT5 is a standardized tool for evaluating concussions designed for use by physicians and licensed healthcare professionals. The Child SCAT5 is to be used for evaluating Children aged 5 to 12 years. For athletes aged 13 years and older, please use the SCAT5.

The SCAT5 is a standardized tool for evaluating concussions designed for use by physicians and licensed healthcare professionals. The SCAT5 is to be used for evaluating athletes aged 13 years and older. For children aged 12 years or younger, please use the Child SCAT5.

This document is intended to guide health care professionals in diagnosing and managing pediatric concussion. See Page 48 of this document for the Management of Acute Symptoms Algorithm (Tool 2.1).

Episode 3:Dr. Rahim Valani and Dr. Jennifer Riley discuss their approach to the workup and management of both minor and major Pediatric Head Injury. They review two recent landmark studies (Kupperman PECARN & CATCH studies) describing clinical decision rules for performing CT head in minor pediatric head injury, as well as practical tips on instructing parents regarding back to sport activities after discharge. In major pediatric head injury, they discuss key clinical pearls on managing blood pressure, the use of hypertonic saline and managing raised intracranial pressure in the treatment of major head injury. Published online: April 2010. 

The ACE is intended to provide an evidence-based clinical protocol to conduct an initial evaluation and diagnosis of patients (both children and adults) with known or suspected mild traumatic brain injury.

The 2017 Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) consensus statement is designed to build on the principles outlined in the previous statements and to develop further conceptual understanding of sport-related concussion (SRC) using an expert consensus-based approach.

This document is intended to guide health care professionals in diagnosing and managing pediatric concussion.

The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations based on current evidence that will help registered nurses, advanced practice nurses, and institutions provide safe and effective care to injured patients with a mild traumatic brain injury.

This summary answers the question: In paediatric patients with minor head injury, GCS (Glasgow Coma Score) 15 and no focal neurological deficit does a normal computed tomography brain scan allow safe discharge?

This is a systematic review of factors that might be associated with, or influence, clinical recovery from sport-related concussion

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence regarding rest and active treatment/rehabilitation following sport-related concussion (SRC).

Objective: To synthesize the best available evidence regarding psychosocial consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in children.

Objective: To identify predictors of persistent concussion symptoms (PCS) in children following concussion.

This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of interventions initiated in acute settings for patients who experience mild traumatic brain injury.

This study aimed to identify clinical decision rules for children with minor head injury and compare their diagnostic accuracy for detection of intracranial injury (ICI) and injury requiring neurosurgical intervention (NSI).

Objectives: To (a) identify post-concussion symptom scales appropriate for children and adolescents in sports; (b) review evidence for reliability and validity; and (c) recommend future directions for scale development.

Methods: This multicentre cohort study in 9 Canadian pediatric emergency departments prospectively enrolled children with blunt head trauma presenting with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13-15 and loss of consciousness, amnesia, disorientation, persistent vomiting or irritability. Physicians completed standardized assessment forms before CT, including clinical predictors of the rule. The primary outcome was neurosurgical intervention and the secondary outcome was brain injury on CT. We calculated test characteristics of the rule and used recursive partitioning to further refine the rule.

Objective: To derive and validate a clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children presenting to the emergency department.

Objective: To determine the effect of cognitive activity level on duration of post-concussion symptoms.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical decision rules and physician judgment for identifying clinically important traumatic brain injuries in children with minor head injuries presenting to the emergency department.

Objective: To determine the acute predictors associated with the development of postconcussion syndrome (PCS) in children and adolescents after mild traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that children with a previous history of concussion have a longer duration of symptoms after a repeat concussion than those without such a history.

Objective: To describe how children and youths perform leisure activities, 1 year after a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).

This study of concussed adolescents sought to determine if a computer-based neurocognitive assessment (Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test [ImPACT]) performed on patients who present to the emergency department (ED) immediately following head injury would correlate with assessments performed 3 to 10 days postinjury and if ED neurocognitive testing would detect differences in concussion severity that clinical grading scales could not.

Objectives: To identify the specific service needs of adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and those of their parents through the perspective of expert service providers as well as to compare it to the perspective of adolescents and their parents obtained in a prior study.

Objective: To compare the visuomotor response times of children after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with those of noninjured children matched for age, sex, and premorbid level of physical activity.

This document summarizes causes, symptoms, and management of cyanosis in newborns.

Objective: To standardise the initial management of neonates with duct dependent congenital heart disease.