Acute Disease Cochrane Pediatric Emergency Medicine Reviews

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of antibiotics compared with placebo for reducing general and specific nasopharyngeal symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) (common colds). To determine if antibiotics have any influence on the tcomes for acute purulent rhinitis and acute clear rhinitis lasting less than 10 days before the intervention. To determine whether there are significant adverse outcomes associated with antibiotic therapy for participants with a clinical diagnosis of acute URTI or acute purulent rhinitis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of long-term antibiotics (for longer than six weeks) in preventing any AOM, AOM with perforation and C

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of azithromycin to amoxycillin or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (amoxyclav) in the treatment of LRTI, in terms of clinical failure, incidence of adverse events and microbial eradication.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether beta2-agonists improve bronchitis symptoms in patients with no underlying pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of bronchodilators on clinical outcomes in infants (0 to 12 months) with acute bronchiolitis.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to determine the efficacy of chest physiotherapy in infants aged less than 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis. A condary objective was to determine the efficacy of different techniques of chest physiotherapy (for ample, vibration and percussion and passive forced exhalation).

OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to summarise the existing evidence on the comparative effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs for treating uncomplicated bronchitis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicines for patients with sore throat.

Objectives: To examine the effect of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy versus placebo on mortality, hearing loss and neurological sequelae in people of all ages with bacterial meningitis.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of decongestant and antihistamine therapy in children with AOM on outcomes of AOM resolution, symptom resolution, medication side effects, and complications of AOM.

Objectives: To systematically review the efficacy of decongestants, antihistamines and nasal irrigation in children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. We considered the following four interventions: 1) decongestants versus placebo or no medication, 2) antihistamines versus placebo or no medication, 3) decongestant and antihistamine combination versus placebo or no medication, 4) nasal irrigation versus no irrigation. The primary outcomes of the review were symptom resolution (improvement in symptom score from enrolment to day five and overall symptom burden (as measured by average symptom scores while on therapy).

Objectives: To evaluate the use of delayed antibiotics compared to immediate or no antibiotics as a prescribing strategy for ARTIs. We evaluated clinical outcomes including duration and severity measures for pain, malaise, fever, cough and rhinorrhoea in sore throat, otitis media, bronchitis (cough) and the common cold. We also evaluated the outcomes of antibiotic use, patient satisfaction, antibiotic resistance and re-consultation rates and use of alternative therapies.

Objectives: To examine the efficacy and safety of epinephrine in children less than two with viral bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To evaluate treatment of bacterial meningitis with differing volumes of initial fluid administration (up to 72 hours after first presentation) and the effects on death and neurological sequelae.

Objectives: To review the efficacy and safety of systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids in children with viral bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To assess heliox in addition to standard medical care for acute bronchiolitis in infants.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of honey for acute cough in children in ambulatory settings.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of inhaled corticosteroids, started during the acute phase of bronchiolitis, on the prevention of post-bronchiolitic wheezing.

Objectives: We examined whether intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are effective in relieving symptoms of acute sinusitis in adults and children.

Objectives: To assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic ( 3%) saline solution in infants with viral bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of one or two daily doses with three or four daily doses of amoxicillin, with or without clavulanate, for the treatment of AOM in children; and to compare complication rates and adverse reactions.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects on mortality, deafness and neurological disability of osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in children and adults.

Objectives: To assess the effects of oral OTC cough preparations for acute cough in children and adults.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of OTC cough medications as an adjunct to antibiotics in children and adults with pneumonia.

Objectives: To determine in the treatment of LRTIs: the effectiveness of oxygen therapy and oxygen delivery methods; the safety of these methods; and indications for oxygen therapy.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of P. sidoides for the treatment of ARIs in children and adults.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of probiotics for preventing acute URTIs.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review based on individual patient data was to assess the safety and efficacy of using procalcitonin for starting or stopping antibiotics over a large range of patients with varying severity of ARIs and from different clinical settings.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation in treating the symptoms of acute URTIs.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of a short course of antibiotics (less than seven days) in comparison to a long course of antibiotics (seven days or greater) for the treatment of AOM in children.

Objectives: To summarize the evidence regarding the efficacy of two to six days of newer oral antibiotics (short duration) compared to 10 days of oral penicillin (standard duration) in treating children with acute GABHS pharyngitis.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of steam inhalation or humidified oxygen to relieve respiratory distress and to evaluate adverse events in children up to three years old with acute bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To assess the effects of systemic corticosteroids on clinical response rates and to determine adverse effects and relapse rates of systemic corticosteroids compared to placebo or standard clinical care in children and adults with acute sinusitis.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness and safety of third generation cephalosporins and conventional treatment with penicillin or ampicillin-chloramphenicol in patients with community-acquired ABM.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of topical analgesia for AOM.

Objectives: To determine the benefit of adding intravenous (IV) beta(2)-agonists to inhaled beta(2)-agonist therapy for acute asthma treated in the emergency department.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of antibiotics prescribed in the treatment of acute asthma

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of antibiotics compared to a control (no treatment or placebo) for persistent respiratory symptoms (within six months), following acute bronchiolitis.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of only inhaled anticholinergic drugs (i.e. administered alone), compared to a control in children over the age of two years with acute asthma.

Objectives: To determine the effect of anticholinergic therapy in acute exacerbations and stable bronchiectasis.

Objectives: To determine whether the addition of inhaled anticholinergics to SABAs provides clinical improvement and affects the incidence of adverse effects in children with acute asthma exacerbations.

Objectives: To determine the benefit of systemic corticosteroids (oral, intravenous, or intramuscular) compared to placebo and inhaled steroids in acute paediatric asthma.

Objectives: To determine the benefit of corticosteroids (oral, intramuscular, or intravenous) for the treatment of asthmatic patients discharged from an acute care setting (i.e. usually the emergency department) after assessment and treatment of an acute asthmatic exacerbation.

Objectives: To determine the benefit of treating patients with acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids within an hour of presenting to the emergency department (ED).

Objectives: To determine the benefit of ICS for the treatment of patients with acute asthma managed in the emergency department (ED).

Objectives: To determine the effect of the addition of heliox to standard medical care on the course of acute asthma, as measured by pulmonary function testing and clinical endpoints.

Objectives: To assess the effects of holding chambers (spacers) compared to nebulisers for the delivery of beta(2)-agonists for acute asthma.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of ICS in reducing the severity of cough in children with subacute cough.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of inhaled MgSO(4) administered in acute asthma on pulmonary functions and admission rates.Specific aims: To quantify the effects of inhaled MgSO(4) i) in addition to inhaled (2)-agonist, ii) in comparison to inhaled (2)-agonist alone or iii) in addition to combination treatment with inhaled (2) -agonist and ipratropium bromide.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of ICS on outcomes in the treatment of acute asthma following discharge from the ED. To quantify the effectiveness of ICS therapy on acute asthma following ED discharge, when used in addition to, or as a substitute for, systemic corticosteroids.

Objectives: To determine if the addition of intravenous aminophylline produces a beneficial effect in children with acute severe asthma receiving conventional therapy.

Objectives: To determine the benefit of intravenous (IV) beta2-agonists for severe acute asthma treated in the emergency department.

Objectives: To compare the benefit of IV beta(2)-agonists versus IV aminophylline for acute asthma treated in the emergency department and in patients admitted to hospital with acute severe asthma.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of ketamine compared to placebo, no intervention or standard care for management of severe acute asthma in children who had not responded to standard therapy.

Objectives: To determine if the addition of a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) produces a beneficial effect in children and adults with acute asthma who are currently receiving inhaled bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids.

Objectives: To examine the effect of additional intravenous magnesium sulfate in patients with acute asthma managed in the emergency department.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of oral corticosteroids in acute and stable bronchiectasis

OBJECTIVES: To determine in acutely ill and injured patients who have real or anticipated problems in maintaining an adequate airway whether emergency endotracheal intubation, as opposed to other airway management techniques, improves the outcome in terms of survival, degree of disability at discharge or length of stay and complications occurring in hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review were to assess the effects of antibiotics on traveller's diarrhoea in relation to duration of illness, severity of illness, and adverse effects of medications.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the benefits and harms of INO in critically ill patients with AHRF.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of probiotics in proven or presumed acute infectious diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES: To review anticholinergic drugs for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the benefits and harms of short-course (2-4 days) compared to standard duration (7-14 days) oral antibiotic treatment for acute UTI in children.

OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical and physiological effects of high frequency oscillation (HFO) in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared to conventional ventilation.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcome of patients with presumed viral myocarditis treated with IVIG to patients who did not receive IVIG.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of dipyrone for acute primary headaches in adults and children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate oral zinc supplementation for treating children with acute or persistent diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and effectiveness of antiemetics on gastroenteritis induced vomiting in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of the antibiotic treatment approaches (monotherapy or combined) for people with sickle cell disease suffering from community-acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for infant and child (up to three years) acute pain, excluding breastmilk, sucrose, and music. Analyses accounted for infant age (preterm, neonate, older) and pain response (pain reactivity, pain-related regulation).

OBJECTIVES: To compare polymer-based ORS with glucose-based ORS for treating acute watery diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the safety and effectiveness of beta-2 receptor antagonists for TBI.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of early and late reintroduction of feeding in children with acute diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect on time to healing of primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury. To explore the adverse effects of primary closure compared with delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds presenting within 24 hours post injury.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of Aloe vera-derived products (for example dressings and topical gels) on the healing of acute wounds (for example lacerations, surgical incisions and burns) and chronic wounds (for example infected wounds, arterial and venous ulcers).

OBJECTIVES: 1) Assess the efficacy of diclofenac for acute pain in children. 2) Assess the safety of diclofenac for short-term use in children. 3) Identify gaps in the evidence to direct future research.